How to Model Continuous Electron Beam and Secondary Emission with Smooth Space Charge in Charged Particle Tracing?

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Hi, I'm using the Charged Particle Tracing interface to simulate a continuous electron beam hitting a wall, where secondary electrons are emitted upon impact (should be continuous as well).

I first used “Specify current” (as in the Electron Beam Divergence Due to Self Potential example), but this results in a single pulse — secondary emission occurs only once.

Switching to “Specify release times” creates a continuous beam, but the resulting space charge density and potential become coarse and noisy, likely due to insufficient particle coverage.

How can I: Simulate a continuous beam with ongoing secondary emission, and ensure a smooth, nonzero space charge density along the beam path?

Any suggestions for improving accuracy or particle sampling would be appreciated. Thanks!


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