アプリケーションギャラリ

This thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) model of artificial ground freezing couples heat transfer, groundwater flow, and soil mechanics to capture ice formation, pore-pressure changes, and ground deformation during tunnel excavation. The freezing process is modeled with the apparent heat capacity method. Darcy's law is coupled to heat transfer for convective transport of water, using saturation-dependent permeability and a mass sink term to account for phase change. Mechanical behavior is described with poroelasticity and thermal expansion of ice.