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Due to its high capacity, silicon (Si) is often added to graphite in the negative electrode of lithium-ion batteries.

Silicon–graphite blended electrodes may exhibit significant thermodynamic voltage hysteresis (“path dependence”) because the equilibrium potential of the lithium–silicon intercalation reaction is dependent on the charge–discharge history of the electrode.

This model example demonstrates how to add Si as an Additional Electrode Material to a Porous Electrode in the Lithium-Ion Battery interface and how to define a memory variable capable of handling the voltage hysteresis using an additional Coefficient Form PDE interface.