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Introduction to Electrode Balancing

Electrode balancing in battery models can be achieved using COMSOL Multiphysics and the add-on Battery Design Module. Here, we provide a comprehensive introduction to electrode balancing as well as various fundamental concepts in battery design including state-of-charge, and state of lithiation before completing modeling demonstrations in the software on battery rate capability and porous electrodes containing multiple materials.

Discussion & Demo: Electrode Balancing

A comprehensive introduction to electrode balancing is provided. This includes an overview of positive electrodes, negative electrodes, how to define operational electrode potentials to avoid side reactions and damage, and how aging impacts balancing the battery. Features that enable you to automate the process of electrode balancing in your battery model are also introduced. Following this, we demonstrate building a model to analyze the rate capability of a lithium-ion battery, in which we use the features discussed previously to automate the electrode balancing. Load cycles are implemented during the demonstration, global ODEs are used to track the energy extracted from the cell, and how to create a Ragone plot is shown. Energy optimized versus power optimized rate capability as well as relevant results plots are discussed. Lastly, how to model multiple intercalating electrode materials within a single porous electrode is demonstrated.

• Overview of electrode balancing basics
  • Positive electrodes
    • Operation Electrode Sate of Charge settings
  • Negative electrodes
  • Formation and aging
  • Charge-discharge cycling
• Using the SOC and Initial Charge Distribution node
  • State of Charge Definition options
  • Initial Cell Charge Distribution options
  • Global variables defined (cell capacity, SOC, state of health, etc.)
• Demo: Modeling battery rate capability (follow along using the start model file here)
  • Energy optimized versus power optimized
  • Results plots: charge curve, discharge curve, Ragone plot
  • Load Cycle feature
    • C Rate node
  • Global ODEs and DAEs interface
  • Parametric Sweep study for evaluating various C rates
  • Variables node
• Demo: Multiple intercalating electrode materials
  • Additional Porous Electrode Material node
  • Particle Intercalation node

Further Learning/Additional Information

For more information on electrode balancing and further practice, we recommend the following resources:

• Blog posts
  • "Electrode Balancing of a Lithium-Ion Battery with COMSOL^®"
• Tutorial Models
  • Electrode Balancing of a Lithium-Ion Battery Using Experimental OCV Data
  • Lithium-Ion Battery Base Model in 1D