組込みユーザーインターフェース

AC/DC モジュールには, 上記の電磁気学の各分野に対応したユーザーインターフェースが組み込まれており, 特定のモデリング目的のバリエーションを提供します. これらのインターフェースでは, ドメイン方程式, 境界条件, 初期条件, 事前定義されたメッシュ, 定常および過渡解析のソルバー設定を持つ事前定義されたスタディ, および事前定義されたプロットと計算値がセットで定義されます.

また, 異なるインターフェースを接続し, 簡単にモデル化する機能もあります. これは, インダクター, コイル, モーターに便利です.

Magnetic Materials

A comprehensive database of magnetic materials is included in the AC/DC Module, covering ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, soft magnetic (B–H curves), and hard magnetic materials (permanent magnets). Support is provided for nonlinear material models, magnetic loss modeling in the frequency domain using effective B–H curves and complex permeability, as well as anisotropic hysteresis based on the Jiles–Atherton model.

Specialized capabilities for modeling laminated electrical steel include laminated core modeling features and empirical loss models such as Steinmetz and Bertotti, which enable realistic loss estimation without resolving individual lamina.

Materials can be defined as spatially varying, anisotropic, time varying, or field dependent. Full support is provided for user-defined properties and modeling of custom behaviors, including anisotropic nonlinearity, permanent demagnetization, and Curie effects.

Thin Structures and Layered Materials

Very thin structures can be efficiently modeled using shell formulations for direct current, electrostatic, magnetostatic, and induction analyses. In addition, specialized functionality supports the modeling of direct currents in multilayer shell structures. The electromagnetic shell modeling capabilities allow thin volumetric domains to be replaced by zero-thickness boundary conditions with equivalent physical behavior, significantly simplifying geometry preparation, meshing, and solution procedures.

At higher frequencies, where the skin depth becomes small and currents are confined to the conductor surface, specialized boundary features provide a more efficient conductor representation.

For dielectric and weakly conducting materials, the framework supports:

• Polarization effects and remanent electric displacement
• A wide range of complex loss models, including ferroelectric behavior
• Dispersion models in both the frequency and time domains

Built-in dispersion formulations include multipole Debye, Cole–Cole, and Havriliak–Negami models. These capabilities are especially important for tissue modeling and bioengineering applications.

The same level of flexibility available for magnetic materials also applies to conductors and dielectrics. Through user-defined formulations, the material library can be easily extended to incorporate custom material models.

Unbounded or Large Domains

To accurately model unbounded or large domains, infinite elements are available for both electric and magnetic field formulations. For electrostatic and magnetostatic analyses, the boundary element method (BEM) provides an alternative approach for representing large or infinite regions. In addition, the BEM can be coupled with finite element–based physics interfaces to enable hybrid BEM–FEM simulation.

Coils, Terminals, and Device Excitations

The AC/DC Module's electromagnetics modeling capabilities include specialized functionality for accurate simulation of electromagnetic excitations, loads, and device behaviors.

The coil modeling tools handle everything from solid conductors with skin and proximity effects to stranded wire bundles designed to minimize AC losses. They also support designs such as litz wires, tightly wound coils, and segmented high-voltage conductors.

Terminal definitions make it easy to specify voltages, currents, or charges while also supporting floating potentials, measurement points, and electrical circuit connections. Options for distributed capacitance and impedance modeling enable accurate representation of electrodes with dielectric or resistive coatings.

A range of general-purpose excitation methods is also available, which includes support for voltage constraints, for example, ground planes, and the ability to define surface currents directly.

Electric and Dielectric Materials

Conducting materials support both temperature- and electromagnetic-field-dependent behavior. Under electrodynamic conditions, skin and proximity effects can be included or selectively suppressed, enabling efficient modeling of laminated steel, wound coils, and twisted wire bundles. In particular, litz cables can be modeled at or above their design frequency without resolving individual strands.

Data Extraction and Results Evaluation

Excitation features, such as Coil, Terminal, and Port, automatically provide output variables for various electrical quantities, including:

• Voltage, current, and charge
• Resistance, inductance, and capacitance
• S-parameters

Dedicated frequency-sweep functionality, together with optimized solver settings, enables efficient extraction of capacitance, resistance, and inductance matrices. This functionality makes it straightforward to convert a detailed finite element model into a simplified lumped electrical circuit representation.

Specialized features are also available for computing specific physical quantities, such as electromagnetic forces and total losses.

Extensive customization options make it possible to evaluate, integrate, or differentiate any quantity derived from the solution. A wide range of results-evaluation tools enables precise extraction of the data required for analysis.

Multiphysics

Because electromagnetic phenomena typically occur in a multiphysics context, the AC/DC Module offers extensive options for coupling its physics with those from other add-on products, such as the:

• Structural Mechanics Module
• Heat Transfer Module
• Acoustics Module
• CFD Module
• Plasma Module
• Electric Discharge Module

Built-in multiphysics couplings provide functionality for modeling magnetomechanics, electromechanics, Joule heating and thermal expansion, induction heating, piezomagnetism, piezoelectricity, piezoresistivity, nonlinear magnetostriction, electrostriction, ferroelectroelasticity, the thermoelectric effect, pyroelectricity, and magnetohydrodynamics.

In addition to these predefined couplings, manual multiphysics couplings can be defined and solved using fully coupled or sequential approaches.